Bin muhsin fennel - syamir - adas

BIN MUHSIN ADAS

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Adas

Botanical: Foeniculum vulgare (GÆRT.) Botani: Foeniculum vulgare (GÆRT.)
Family: NO Umbelliferae Keluarga: Umbelliferae NO

• History Sejarah
• Description Deskripsi
• Cultivation Penanaman
• Adulteration Pemalsuan
• Constituents Konstituen
• Medicinal Action and Uses Aksi dan Penggunaan Obat

---Synonyms--- Fenkel. Sinonim --- --- Fenkel. Sweet Fennel. Sweet Adas. Wild Fennel. Adas liar.
---Parts Used--- Seeds, leaves, roots. --- Bagian --- Digunakan Biji, daun, akar.
---Habitat--- Fennel, a hardy, perennial, umbelliferous herb, with yellow flowers and feathery leaves, grows wild in most parts of temperate Europe, but is generally considered indigenous to the shores of the Mediterranean, whence it spreads eastwards to India. --- Habitat --- Adas, sebuah, hardy abadi, herbal umbelliferous, dengan bunga-bunga kuning dan daun berbulu, tumbuh liar di sebagian besar Eropa sedang, tetapi pada umumnya dianggap berasal dari pantai Mediterania, dari mana ia menyebar ke arah timur ke India. It has followed civilization, especially where Italians have colonized, and may be found growing wild in many parts of the world upon dry soils near the sea-coast and upon river-banks. Ia telah mengikuti peradaban, terutama di mana Italia telah menguasai, dan dapat ditemukan tumbuh liar di banyak bagian dunia ke atas tanah kering dekat pantai-laut dan di atas sungai-bank. It flourishes particularly on limestone soils and is now naturalized in some parts of this country, being found from North Wales southward and eastward to Kent, being most frequent in Devon and Cornwall and on chalk cliffs near the sea. Hal ini berkembang terutama pada tanah batu kapur dan sekarang naturalisasi di beberapa bagian negara ini, ditemukan dari North Wales selatan dan timur ke Kent, yang paling sering di Devon dan Cornwall dan pada tebing-tebing kapur di dekat laut. It is often found in chalky districts inland in a semi-wild state. Hal ini sering ditemukan di daerah berkapur pedalaman dalam keadaan semi-liar.

For the medicinal use of its fruits, commonly called seeds, Fennel is largely cultivated in the south of France, Saxony, Galicia, and Russia, as well as in India and Persia. Untuk penggunaan obat buah asam, biasa disebut biji, Adas sebagian besar dibudidayakan di bagian selatan Perancis, Sachsen, Galicia, dan Rusia, serta di India dan Persia.

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Fennel Adas (Foeniculum vulgare GÆRT.) (Foeniculum vulgare GÆRT.) Click on graphic for larger image Klik untuk perbesar gambar grafis

This plant was attached by Linnaeus to the genus Anethum , but was separated from it by De Candolle and placed with three or four others in a new genus styled Foeniculum , which has been generally adopted by botanists. tanaman ini terikat oleh Linnaeus ke Anethum genus, tetapi dipisahkan oleh De Candolle dan ditempatkan dengan tiga atau empat orang lain dalam genus Foeniculum gaya baru, yang telah umum diadopsi oleh ahli botani. ( Foeniculum was the name given to this plant by the Romans, and is derived from the Latin word, foenum = hay). (Foeniculum adalah nama yang diberikan untuk tanaman ini oleh orang Romawi, dan berasal dari bahasa Latin, = jerami foenum).

This was corrupted in the Middle Ages into Fanculum , and this gave birth to its alternative popular name, 'fenkel.' Ini rusak pada Abad Pertengahan ke Fanculum, dan ini melahirkan nama alternatif populer, 'fenkel. "

The Anethum Foeniculum of Linnaeus embraced two varieties, the Common or Wild Fennel and the Sweet Fennel. The Foeniculum Anethum Linnaeus memeluk dua varietas, Common atau Wild Adas Adas dan Sweet. These are considered by De Candolle as distinct species named respectively F. Ini dianggap oleh De Candolle sebagai spesies yang berbeda masing-masing bernama F. vulgare (Gaertn.) - the garden form of which is often named F. vulgare (Gaertn.) - bentuk taman yang sering disebut F. Capillaceum (Gilibert) - and F. Capillaceum (Gilibert) - dan F. dulce . dulce.

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---History--- Fennel was well known to the Ancients and was cultivated by the ancient Romans for its aromatic fruits and succulent, edible shoots. --- Sejarah --- Adas dikenal ke Lama dan dibudidayakan oleh orang Romawi kuno untuk buah aromatik dan segar, tunas dimakan. Pliny had much faith in its medicinal properties, according no less than twenty-two remedies to it, observing also that serpents eat it 'when they cast their old skins, and they sharpen their sight with the juice by rubbing against the plant.' Pliny memiliki iman banyak sifat obat, menurut tidak kurang dari 22 solusi untuk itu, mengamati juga bahwa ular makan ', ketika mereka melemparkan kulit lama mereka, dan mereka mempertajam penglihatan mereka dengan jus dengan menggosok terhadap pabrik. " A very old English rhyming Herbal, preserved at Stockholm, gives the following description of the virtue of the plant: Sebuah bahasa Inggris yang sangat tua berima Herbal, diawetkan di Stockholm, memberikan deskripsi berikut keutamaan tanaman:

'Whaune the heddere (adder) is hurt in eye 'Whaune yang heddere (Adder) yang terluka di mata

Ye red fenel is hys prey, fenel Ye merah hys mangsa,

And yif he mowe it fynde Dan yif ia mowe itu fynde

Wonderly he doth hys kynde. Sesungguhnya ia Wonderly hys kynde.

He schall it chow wonderly, Dia schall itu chow wonderly,

And leyn it to hys eye kindlely, Dan leyn ke hys mata kindlely,

Ye jows shall sang and hely ye eye jows Kamu akan menyanyi dan Hely mata kamu

Yat beforn was sicke et feye.' beforn Yat adalah Sicke et feye. "

Many of the older herbalists uphold this theory of the peculiarly strengthening effect of this herb on the sight. Banyak dukun tua menegakkan teori ini memperkuat efek khusus dari ramuan ini pada pemandangan itu.

Longfellow alludes to this virtue in the plant: Longfellow menyinggung kebajikan ini di pabrik:

'Above the lower plants it towers, 'Di atas tanaman turunkan menara,

The Fennel with its yellow flowers; The Adas dengan bunga yang berwarna kuning;

And in an earlier age than ours Dan di usia lebih dini daripada kami

Was gifted with the wondrous powers Apakah berbakat dengan kekuatan-kekuatan mengagumkan

Lost vision to restore.' Lost visi untuk mengembalikan. "

In mediaeval times, Fennel was employed, together with St. John's Wort and other herbs, as a preventative of witchcraft and other evil influences, being hung over doors on Midsummer's Eve to warn off evil spirits. Pada abad pertengahan, Adas bekerja, bersama dengan St John's Wort dan bumbu lainnya, sebagai pencegahan dari sihir dan pengaruh-pengaruh jahat lainnya, yang tergantung di atas pintu di Midsummer's Eve untuk memperingatkan roh-roh jahat. It was likewise eaten as a condiment to the salt fish so much consumed by our forefathers during Lent. Itu juga dimakan sebagai bumbu ke ikan asin begitu banyak dikonsumsi oleh nenek moyang kita selama Prapaskah. Like several other umbelliferae, it is carminative. Seperti Umbelliferae beberapa lainnya, itu yg mengeluarkan udara.

Though the Romans valued the young shoots as a vegetable, it is not certain whether it was cultivated in northern Europe at that time, but it is frequently mentioned in Anglo-Saxon cookery and medical recipes prior to the Norman Conquest. Meskipun Roma menghargai tunas muda sebagai sayuran, itu tidak ada kepastian apakah itu dibudidayakan di Eropa utara pada waktu itu, tetapi sering disebutkan dalam masakan Anglo-Saxon dan resep medis sebelum Penaklukan Norman. Fennel shoots, Fennel water and Fennel seed are all mentioned in an ancient record of Spanish agriculture dating AD 961. Tunas adas, air dan biji Adas Adas semua disebutkan dalam catatan kuno pertanian Spanyol kencan AD 961. The diffusion of the plant in Central Europe was stimulated by Charlemagne, who enjoined its cultivation on the imperial farms. Difusi dari tanaman di Eropa Tengah distimulasi oleh Charlemagne, yang diperintahkan pada budidaya pertanian kekaisaran.

It is mentioned in Gerard (1597), and Parkinson ( Theatricum Botanicum , 1640) tells us that its culinary use was derived from Italy, for he says: Hal ini disebutkan dalam Gerard (1597), dan Parkinson (Theatricum Botanicum, 1640) memberitahu kita yang menggunakan kuliner yang berasal dari Italia, karena dia mengatakan:

'The leaves, seede and rootes are both for meate and medicine; the Italians especially doe much delight in the use thereof, and therefore transplant and whiten it, to make it more tender to please the taste, which being sweete and somewhat hot helpeth to digest the crude qualitie of fish and other viscous meats. "Daun, seede dan rootes yang baik untuk meate dan obat-obatan; orang Italia terutama doe banyak kesenangan dalam penggunaannya, dan karena itu transplantasi dan memutihkan, untuk membuatnya lebih empuk untuk menyenangkan rasa, yang menjadi sweete dan agak panas helpeth untuk mencerna qualitie mentah ikan dan daging kental lainnya. We use it to lay upon fish or to boyle it therewith and with divers other things, as also the seeds in bread and other things.' Kami menggunakannya untuk berbaring di atas ikan atau Boyle itu beserta penyelam dan dengan hal-hal lain, seperti juga benih dalam roti dan lain-lain. "

William Coles, in Nature's Paradise (1650) affirms that - William Coles, dalam Nature's Paradise (1650) menegaskan bahwa -

'both the seeds, leaves and root of ourGarden Fennel are much used in drinks and broths for those that are grown fat, to abate their unwieldiness and cause them to grow more gaunt and lank.' 'Baik biji, daun dan akar Adas ourGarden yang banyak digunakan dalam minuman dan kaldu bagi mereka yang tumbuh lemak, mereda unwieldiness mereka dan menyebabkan mereka tumbuh lebih kurus dan lemas. "

The ancient Greek name of the herb, Marathron , from maraino , to grow thin, probably refers to this property. Nama Yunani kuno dari herbal, Marathron, dari maraino, tumbuh tipis, mungkin mengacu pada properti ini.

It was said to convey longevity, and to give strength and courage. Dikatakan untuk menyampaikan umur panjang, dan untuk memberikan kekuatan dan keberanian.

There are many references to Fennel in poetry. Ada banyak referensi Adas dalam puisi. Milton, in Paradise Lost alludes to the aroma of the plant: Milton, Paradise Lost menyinggung aroma tanaman:

'A savoury odour blown, "Bau gurih ditiup,

Grateful to appetite, more pleased my sense Berterima kasih kepada nafsu makan, lebih senang rasa

Than smell of sweetest Fennel.' Dari bau Adas manis. "

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---Description--- Fennel is a beautiful plant. --- --- Deskripsi Adas merupakan tanaman yang indah. It has a thick, perennial root-stock, stout stems, 4 to 5 feet or more in height, erect and cylindrical, bright green and so smooth as to seem polished, much branched bearing leaves cut into the very finest of segments. Memiliki tebal, akar saham-abadi, batang kokoh, 4 sampai 5 kaki atau lebih tinggi, tegak dan silinder, cerah hijau dan begitu halus seperti tampak dipoles, bantalan bercabang banyak daun potong sangat terbaik segmen. The bright golden flowers, produced in large, flat terminal umbels, with from thirteen to twenty rays, are in bloom in July and August. Bunga-bunga keemasan cerah, diproduksi dalam jumlah besar, pula pembungaan terminal datar, dengan 13-20 sinar, berada di mekar pada bulan Juli dan Agustus.

In the kitchen garden this naturally ornamental, graceful plant, generally has its stems cut down to secure a constant crop of green leaves for flavouring and garnishing, so that the plant is seldom seen in the same perfection as in the wild state. Di taman dapur hias ini secara alami, tanaman anggun, umumnya memiliki batang yang ditebang untuk mengamankan tanaman konstan daun hijau untuk aroma dan garnishing, sehingga tanaman jarang terlihat pada kesempurnaan yang sama seperti dalam keadaan liar. In the original wild condition, it is variable as to size, habit, shape and colour of leaf, number of rays in the flower-head or umbel, and shape of fruit, but it has been under cultivation for so long that there are now several well-marked species. Dalam kondisi liar asli, itu adalah variabel sebagai ukuran, kebiasaan, bentuk dan warna daun, jumlah sinar di kepala-bunga atau umbel, dan bentuk buah, tetapi telah diolah begitu lama yang ada sekarang baik-ditandai beberapa spesies. The Common Garden Fennel ( F. Capillaceum or officinale ) is distinguished from its wild relative ( F. vulgare ) by having much stouter, taller, tubular and larger stems, and less divided leaves, but the chief distinction is that the leaf-stalks form a curved sheath around the stem, often even as far as the base of the leaf above. Common Garden Adas (F. Capillaceum atau officinale) dibedakan dari (liar F. vulgare relatif) dengan memiliki banyak lebih gemuk, tinggi, tabung dan batang lebih besar, dan kurang dibagi daun, namun perbedaan utama adalah bahwa bentuk-tangkai daun selubung melengkung di sekitar batang, bahkan sering sampai ke dasar daun di atas. The flower-stalks, or pedicels, of the umbels are also sturdier, and the fruits, 1/4 to 1/2 inch long, are double the size of the wild ones. Bunga-tangkai, atau pedicels, dari pula pembungaan juga lebih kuat, dan buah-buahan, 1 / 4 sampai 1 / 2 inci panjang, adalah dua kali ukuran yang liar.

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---Cultivation--- Fennel will thrive anywhere, and a plantation will last for years. Budidaya --- --- Adas akan berkembang di mana saja, dan perkebunan akan berlangsung selama bertahun-tahun. It is easily propagated by seeds, sown early in April in ordinary soil. Hal ini mudah diperbanyak dengan benih, ditaburkan pada awal bulan April di tanah biasa. It likes plenty of sun and is adapted to dry and sunny situations, not needing heavily manured ground, though it will yield more on rich stiff soil. Ini seperti banyak sinar matahari dan disesuaikan dengan situasi kering dan cerah, tidak membutuhkan banyak tanah manured, padahal akan menghasilkan lebih pada tanah kaku kaya. From 4 1/2 to 5 lb. of seed are sown per acre, either in drills, 15 inches apart, lightly, just covered with soil and the plants afterwards thinned to a similar distance, or sewn thinly in a bed and transplanted when large enough. Dari 4 1 / 2 sampai 5 £ benih yang ditabur per hektar, baik dalam latihan, 15 inci terpisah, ringan, hanya ditutup dengan tanah dan tanaman kemudian menipis ke jarak yang sama, atau dijahit tipis di tempat tidur dan ditransplantasikan ketika besar cukup. The fruit is heavy and a crop of 15 cwt. Buah ini berat dan sebuah tanaman 15 CWT. per acre is an average yield. per hektar adalah hasil rata-rata.

The roots of Fennel were formerly employed in medicine, but are generally inferior in virtues to the fruit, which is now the only portion recognized by any of the Pharmacopoeias. Adas Akar dulunya bekerja di kedokteran, tetapi umumnya lebih rendah dalam kebajikan untuk buah, yang sekarang bagian hanya diakui oleh salah satu Farmakope.

The cessation of the supply of Fennel fruits from the Continent during the War led to its being grown more extensively here, any crop produced being almost certain to sell well. Penghentian pasokan buah Adas dari benua selama Perang menyebabkan tumbuh menjadi yang lebih luas di sini, hasil panen kopi yang dihasilkan hampir pasti laku.

There are several varieties of Fennel fruit known in commerce - sweet or Roman Fennel, German or Saxon Fennel, wild or bitter Fennel, Galician Russian and Roumanian Fennel, Indian, Persian and Japanese. Ada beberapa jenis buah Adas dikenal dalam perdagangan - Adas manis atau Romawi, Jerman atau Saxon Adas, liar atau pahit Adas, Galisia Rusia dan Rumania Adas, India, Persia dan Jepang. The fruits vary very much in length, breadth, taste and other characters, and are of very different commercial value. Buah sangat bervariasi dalam panjang, lebar, rasa dan karakter lain, dan nilai komersial yang sangat berbeda.

The most esteemed Fennel fruit vary from three to five lines in length, are elliptical, slightly curved, somewhat obtuse at the ends and pale greyish green in colour. Wild fruits are short, dark coloured and blunt at their ends, and have a less agreeable flavour and odour than those of sweet Fennel - they are not official. Yang terhormat buah Adas paling bervariasi tiga sampai dengan lima garis panjang, yang berbentuk bulat panjang, sedikit melengkung, agak tumpul di ujungnya dan hijau keabu-abuan pucat dalam warna buah-buahan. Wild pendek, berwarna gelap dan tumpul pada ujungnya, dan memiliki kurang menyenangkan rasa dan bau dibandingkan dengan adas manis - mereka tidak resmi.

Fennel fruits are frequently distinguished into 'shorts' and 'longs' in commerce, the latter being the most valued. buah Adas sering dibedakan menjadi 'celana pendek' dan 'rindu' dalam perdagangan, yang terakhir merupakan yang paling berharga.

The odour of Fennel seed is fragrant, its taste, warm, sweet and agreeably aromatic. Bau biji Adas adalah wangi, rasanya, hangat, manis dan mengiyakan aromatik. It yields its virtues to hot water, but more freely to alcohol. Ini menghasilkan kebajikan untuk air panas, tetapi lebih bebas alkohol. The essential oil may be separated by distillation with water. Minyak atsiri dapat dipisahkan dengan penyulingan dengan air.

For medicinal use, the fruits of the cultivated Fennel, especially those grown in Saxony, are alone official, as they yield the most volatile oil. Untuk menggunakan obat, buah dari Adas dibudidayakan, terutama yang tumbuh di Sachsen, sendirian resmi, karena mereka menghasilkan minyak yang paling stabil. Saxon fruits are greenish to yellowish-brown in colour, oblong, smaller and straighter than the French or Sweet Fennel ( F. dulce ). Saxon adalah buah kekuningan-kehijauan untuk warna coklat, oblong, lebih kecil dan tegak dari Perancis atau Sweet Adas (F. dulce). This French Fennel, known also as Roman Fennel, is distinguished by its greater length, more oblong form, yellowish-green colour and sweet taste; its anise-like odour is also stronger. Adas ini Perancis, yang dikenal juga sebagai Romawi Adas, dibedakan oleh panjang yang lebih besar, bentuk yang lebih persegi panjang, warna kekuningan-hijau dan rasa manis; kebauan adas-seperti juga kuat. It is cultivated in the neighbourhood of Nimes, in the south of France, but yields comparatively little oil, which has no value medicinally. Hal ini dibudidayakan di sekitar Nimes, di selatan Perancis, tetapi menghasilkan minyak yang kecil, yang memiliki nilai tidak medicinally.

Indian Fennel is brownish, usually smaller, straighter and not quite so rounded at the ends with a sweet anise taste. India Adas adalah coklat, biasanya lebih kecil, tegak dan tidak begitu dibulatkan ujungnya dengan rasa adas manis. Persian and Japanese fennel, pale greenish brown in colour, are the smallest and have a sweeter, still more strongly anise taste and an odour intermediate between that of French and Saxon. Persia dan adas Jepang, pucat warna coklat kehijauan, adalah yang terkecil dan memiliki sebuah manis, rasa masih lebih kuat adas manis dan bau penengah antara bahwa Perancis dan Saxon.

The Saxon, Galician, Roumanian and Russian varieties all yield 4 to 5 per cent of volatile oil, and these varieties are alone suitable for pharmaceutical use. The Saxon, Galisia, Rumania dan Rusia varietas hasil semua 4-5 persen dari minyak atsiri, dan varietas ini sendirian cocok untuk keperluan farmasi. In the ordinary way they furnish some of the best Fennel crops, and from their fruit a large portion of the oil of commerce is derived. Dengan cara yang biasa mereka memberikan beberapa tanaman Adas terbaik, dan dari buah mereka sebagian besar perdagangan minyak berasal.

For family use, 1/2 oz. Untuk menggunakan keluarga, 1 / 2 oz. of seed will produce an ample supply of plants and for several years, either from the established roots, or by re-seeding. benih akan menghasilkan banyak pasokan tanaman dan untuk beberapa tahun, baik dari akar mapan, atau dengan re-penyemaian. Unless seed is needed for household or sowing purposes, the flower stems should be cut as soon as they appear. Kecuali benih diperlukan untuk keperluan rumah tangga atau disemai, bunga batang harus dipotong segera setelah mereka muncul.

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----Adulteration--- Commercial Fennel varies greatly in quality, this being either due to lack of care in harvesting, or deliberate adulteration. Pemalsuan ---- --- Komersial Adas sangat bervariasi pada kualitas, ini yang baik karena kurangnya perawatan di panen, atau pemalsuan yang disengaja. It may contain so much sand, dirt, stem tissues, weed seeds or other material, that it amounts to adulteration and is unfit for medicinal use, or it may have had some of its oil removed by distillation. Mungkin mengandung banyak pasir, kotoran, batang jaringan, bibit rumput atau bahan lain, bahwa jumlah untuk pemalsuan dan tidak layak digunakan untuk pengobatan, atau mungkin memiliki beberapa minyak dihapus oleh distilasi.

Fruits exhausted by water or steam are darker, contain less oil and sink at once in water, but those exhausted by alcohol still retain 1 to 2 per cent, and are but little altered in appearance, they acquire, however, a peculiar fusel oil odour. Buah habis oleh air atau uap yang lebih gelap, mengandung minyak kurang dan tenggelam dalam air sekaligus, tapi mereka kelelahan oleh alkohol masih mempertahankan 1-2 persen, dan tetapi sedikit berubah dalam penampilan, mereka memperoleh, bagaimanapun, bau khas minyak fusel .

Exhausted, or otherwise inferior fennel is occasionally improved in appearance by the use of a factitious colouring, but old exhausted fruits that have been re-coloured may be detected by rubbing the fruit between the hands, when the colour will come off. Lelah adas, atau inferior terkadang membaik dalam penampilan dengan menggunakan pewarna tiruan, tapi lama buah lelah yang telah kembali berwarna dapat dideteksi oleh menggosok buah antara tangan, ketika warna akan copot.

---Constituents--- As found in commerce, oil Fennel is not uniform. Pendukung --- --- Seperti yang ditemukan dalam perdagangan, minyak Adas tidak seragam.

The best varieties of Fennel yield from 4 to 5 per cent of volatile oil (sp. gr. 0.960 to 0.930), the principal constituents of which are Anethol (50 to 60 per cent) and Fenchone (18 to 22 per cent). Varietas terbaik dari hasil Adas 4-5 persen dari minyak atsiri (gr sp. 0,960-0,930.), Unsur-unsur pokok yang Anethol (50 sampai 60 persen) dan Fenchone (18 menjadi 22 persen). Anethol is also the chief constituent of Anise oil. Anethol juga merupakan konstituen utama minyak Anise.

Fenchone is a colourless liquid possessing a pungent, camphoraceous odour and taste, and when present gives the disagreeable bitter taste to many of the commercial oils. Fenchone adalah cairan tak berwarna yang memiliki bau, dan rasa pedas camphoraceous, dan ketika hadir memberikan rasa pahit mengecewakan banyak minyak komersial. It probably contributes materially to the medicinal properties of the oil, hence only such varieties of Fennel as contain a good proportion of fenchone are suitable for medicinal use. Mungkin kontribusi secara material terhadap sifat obat minyak tersebut, maka hanya varietas semacam Adas sebagai mengandung proporsi baik fenchone yang cocok digunakan untuk pengobatan.

There are also present in oil of Fennel, d -pinene, phellandrine, anisic acid and anisic aldehyde. Ada juga hadir dalam minyak Adas, d-pinene, phellandrine, anisic anisic asam dan aldehida. Schimmel mentions limonene as also at times present as a constituent. Schimmel menyebutkan limonene sebagai juga pada waktu yang hadir sebagai konstituen.

There is reason to believe that much of the commercial oil is adulterated with oil from which the anethol or crystalline constituent has been separated. Ada alasan untuk percaya bahwa banyak minyak komersial dicampur dengan minyak dari mana anethol atau konstituen kristal telah terpisah. Good oil will contain as much as 60 per cent. minyak yang baik akan berisi sebanyak 60 persen.

Saxon Fennel yields 4.7 per cent of volatile oil, containing 22 per cent of fenchone. Saxon Adas menghasilkan 4,7 persen dari minyak atsiri, mengandung 22 persen fenchone.

Russian, Galician and Roumanian, which closely resembles one another, yield 4 to 5 per cent of volatile oil, of which about 18 per cent is fenchone. Rusia, Galisia dan Rumania, yang sangat mirip satu sama lain, hasil 4-5 persen dari minyak atsiri, dimana sekitar 18 persen adalah fenchone. They have a camphoraceous taste. Mereka memiliki rasa camphoraceous.

French sweet or Roman Fennel yields only 2.1 per cent. Perancis Adas manis atau Romawi hanya menghasilkan 2,1 persen. of oil, containing much less anethol and with a milder and sweeter taste, probably due to the entire absence of the bitter fenchone. minyak, apalagi mengandung anethol dan dengan ringan dan rasa yang manis, mungkin karena tidak adanya seluruh fenchone pahit.

French bitter Fennel oil differs considerably, anethol being only present in traces. Prancis pahit minyak Adas berbeda jauh, anethol yang hanya hadir dalam bekas. The oil ( Essence de Fenouil amer ) is distilled from the entire herb, collected in the south of France, where the plant grows without cultivation. Minyak (Essence de Fenouil Amer) yang disuling dari seluruh herbal, dikumpulkan di selatan Perancis, di mana tanaman itu tumbuh tanpa budidaya.

Indian Fennel yields only 0.72 per cent of oil, containing only 6.7 per cent of fenchone. India Adas hanya menghasilkan 0,72 persen dari minyak, mengandung hanya 6,7 persen dari fenchone.

Japanese Fennel yields 2.7 per cent of oil, containing 10.2 of fenchone and 75 per cent of anethol. Jepang Adas menghasilkan 2,7 persen minyak, mengandung 10,2 dari fenchone dan 75 persen dari anethol.

Sicilian Fennel oil is yielded from F. Sisilia minyak Adas yang dihasilkan dari F. piperitum . piperitum.

It was formerly the practice to boil Fennel with all fish, and it was mainly cultivated in kitchen gardens for this purpose. Ini dulunya adalah praktek untuk Adas mendidih dengan ikan semua, dan terutama diusahakan di kebun dapur untuk tujuan ini. Its leaves are served nowadays with salmon, to correct its oily indigestibility, and are also put into sauce, in the same way as parsley, to be eaten with boiled mackerel. Its daun saat ini dilayani dengan salmon, untuk memperbaiki indigestibility berminyak, dan juga dimasukkan ke dalam saus, dengan cara yang sama seperti peterseli, untuk dimakan dengan ikan kembung direbus.

The seeds are also used for flavouring and the carminative oil that is distilled from them, which has a sweetish aromatic odour and flavour, is employed in the making of cordials and liqueurs, and is also used in perfumery and for scenting soaps. Benih-benih tersebut juga digunakan untuk bumbu dan minyak yg mengeluarkan udara yang disuling dari mereka, yang memiliki bau aromatik dan rasa manis, digunakan dalam pembuatan Cordial dan minuman, dan juga digunakan dalam parfum dan untuk scenting sabun. A pound of oil is the usual yield of 500 lb. of the seed. Satu pon minyak adalah hasil biasa £ 500 biji.

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---Medicinal Action and Uses--- On account of its aromatic and carminative properties, Fennel fruit is chiefly used medicinally with purgatives to allay their tendency to griping and for this purpose forms one of the ingredients of the well-known compound Liquorice Powder. --- Aksi dan Penggunaan Obat --- Pada rekening yg mengeluarkan udara aromatik dan sifat-sifatnya, Adas buah terutama digunakan medicinally dengan obat pencahar untuk menghilangkan kecenderungan mereka untuk kikir dan untuk tujuan ini membentuk salah satu bahan dari senyawa-dikenal juga Liquorice Powder . Fennel water has properties similar to those of anise and dill water: mixed with sodium bicarbonate and syrup, these waters constitute the domestic 'Gripe Water,' used to correct the flatulence of infants. Adas air memiliki sifat yang sama dengan adas manis dan air dill: dicampur dengan sodium bikarbonat dan sirup, perairan ini merupakan 'dalam negeri mengeluh Air,' digunakan untuk memperbaiki gas dalam perut bayi. Volatile oil of Fennel has these properties in concentration. minyak volatil dari Adas memiliki properti tersebut pada konsentrasi.

Fennel tea, formerly also employed as a carminative, is made by pouring half a pint of boiling water on a teaspoonful of bruised Fennel seeds. Teh adas, sebelumnya juga bekerja sebagai yg mengeluarkan udara, dibuat dengan menuangkan setengah liter air mendidih pada biji Adas sendok teh memar.

Syrup prepared from Fennel juice was formerly given for chronic coughs. Sirop dibuat dari jus Adas sebelumnya diberikan untuk batuk kronis.

Fennel is also largely used for cattle condiments. Adas juga sebagian besar digunakan untuk bumbu ternak.

It is one of the plants which is said to be disliked by fleas, and powdered Fennel has the effect of driving away fleas from kennels and stables. Ini adalah salah satu tanaman yang katanya tidak disukai oleh kutu, dan bubuk adas memiliki efek mengusir kutu dari kandang dan kandang. The plant gives off ozone most readily. Pabrik mengeluarkan ozon paling mudah.

Culpepper says: Culpepper mengatakan:

'One good old custom is not yet left off, viz., to boil fennel with fish, for it consumes the phlegmatic humour which fish most plentifully afford and annoy the body with, though few that use it know wherefore they do it. "Satu kebiasaan lama yang baik belum tinggalkan, yaitu, adas mendidih. Dengan ikan, karena mengkonsumsi ikan humor apatis yang paling deras mampu dan mengganggu dengan tubuh, meskipun hanya sedikit yang menggunakannya tahu mengapa mereka melakukannya. It benefits this way, because it is a herb of Mercury, and under Virgo, and therefore bears antipathy to Pisces. Ini keuntungan cara ini, karena merupakan ramuan dari Mercury, dan di bawah Virgo, dan karena itu beruang antipati untuk Pisces. Fennel expels wind, provokes urine, and eases the pains of the stone, and helps to break it. Adas mengusir angin, memprovokasi urin, dan memudahkan sakit batu, dan membantu untuk memecahkannya. The leaves or seed boiled in barley water and drunk, are good for nurses, to increase their milk and make it more wholesome for the child. Daun atau direbus dalam air benih jelai dan minum, baik untuk perawat, untuk meningkatkan susu mereka dan membuatnya lebih sehat untuk anak. The leaves, or rather the seeds, boiled in water, stayeth the hiccup and taketh away nausea or inclination to sickness. Daun, atau lebih tepatnya benih, direbus dalam air, stayeth cegukan itu serta mengambil pergi mual atau keinginan untuk penyakit. The seed and the roots much more help to open obstructions of the liver, spleen, and gall, and thereby relieve the painful and windy swellings of the spleen, and the yellow jaundice, as also the gout and cramp. Benih dan akar jauh lebih membantu untuk membuka penghalang dari hati, limpa, dan empedu, dan dengan demikian mengurangi pembengkakan yang menyakitkan dan berangin dari limpa, penyakit kuning dan kuning, sebagai juga asam urat dan kram. The seed is of good use in medicines for shortness of breath and wheezing, by stoppings of the lungs. Benih itu ialah penggunaan baik dalam obat-obatan untuk sesak napas dan mengi, oleh stoppings paru-paru. The roots are of most use in physic, drinks and broths, that are taken to cleanse the blood, to open obstructions of the liver, to provoke urine, and amend the ill colour of the face after sickness, and to cause a good habit through the body; both leaves, seeds, and roots thereof, are much used in drink, or broth, to make people more lean that are too fat. Akar adalah penggunaan yang paling dalam fisik, minuman dan kaldu, yang diambil untuk membersihkan darah, untuk membuka penghalang hati, untuk memprovokasi urin, dan mengubah warna wajah sakit setelah sakit, dan menyebabkan kebiasaan yang baik melalui tubuh, baik daun, biji, dan akar daripadanya, yang banyak digunakan dalam minuman, atau kaldu, untuk membuat orang lebih ramping yang terlalu gemuk. A decoction of the leaves and root is good for serpent bites, and to neutralize vegetable poison, as mushrooms, etc.' Sebuah rebusan daun dan akar yang baik untuk gigitan ular, dan untuk menetralisir racun sayuran, seperti jamur, dll '

'In warm climates,' says Mattiolus, 'the stems are cut and there exudes a resinous liquid, which is collected under the name of Fennel Gum.' "Dalam iklim yang hangat," kata Mattiolus, 'batang dipotong dan ada memancarkan cairan resin, yang dikumpulkan di bawah nama Adas Gum. "

In Italy and France, the tender leaves areoften used for garnishes and to add flavour to salads, and are also added, finely chopped, to sauces served with puddings. Di Italia dan Perancis, tender daun areoften digunakan untuk hiasan dan untuk menambah rasa untuk salad, dan juga ditambahkan, cincang halus, untuk saus disajikan dengan puding. Roman bakers are said to put the herb under their loaves in the oven to make the bread taste agreeably. tukang roti Romawi dikatakan untuk menempatkan ramuan di bawah roti di oven untuk membuat roti rasa setuju.

The tender stems are employed in soups in Italy, though are more frequently eaten raw as a salad. tender Batang bekerja di sup di Italia, walaupun lebih sering dimakan mentah sebagai salad. John Evelyn, in his Acetaria (1680), held that the peeled stalks, soft and white, of the cultivated garden Fennel, when dressed like celery exercised a pleasant action conducive to sleep. John Evelyn, dalam bukunya Acetaria (1680), berpendapat bahwa kupas tangkai, lembut dan putih, dari dibudidayakan Adas kebun, ketika berpakaian seperti seledri dilakukan tindakan yang menyenangkan kondusif untuk tidur. The Italians eat these peeled stems, which they call 'Cartucci' as a salad, cutting them when the plant is about to bloom and serving with a dressing of vinegar and pepper. Italia makan ini dikupas batang, yang mereka sebut 'Cartucci' sebagai salad, memotong mereka saat pabrik akan mekar dan melayani dengan saus cuka dan merica.

Formerly poor people used to eat Fennel to satisfy the cravings of hunger on fast days and make unsavoury food palatable; it was also used in large quantities in the households of the rich, as may be seen by the record in the accounts of Edward I.'s household, 8 1/2 lb. of Fennel were bought for one month's supply. Dulu orang miskin digunakan untuk makan Adas untuk memuaskan hasrat kelaparan pada hari-hari cepat dan membuat makanan enak enak, melainkan juga digunakan dalam jumlah besar di rumah tangga orang kaya, seperti dapat dilihat oleh catatan dalam akun Edward I. 's rumah tangga, 8 1 / 2 £ dari Adas dibeli untuk persediaan satu bulan.

---Preparations--- Fluid extract, 5 to 30 drops. --- Preparat --- Fluida ekstrak, 5-30 tetes. Oil, 1 to 5 drops. Minyak, 1 sampai 5 tetes. Water, BP and USP, 4 drachms. Air, BP dan USP, 4 drachms.

Fennel

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===

Fennel

Botanical: Foeniculum vulgare (GÆRT.)
Family: N.O. Umbelliferae

• History
• Description
• Cultivation
• Adulteration
• Constituents
• Medicinal Action and Uses

---Synonyms---Fenkel. Sweet Fennel. Wild Fennel.
---Parts Used---Seeds, leaves, roots.
---Habitat---Fennel, a hardy, perennial, umbelliferous herb, with yellow flowers and feathery leaves, grows wild in most parts of temperate Europe, but is generally considered indigenous to the shores of the Mediterranean, whence it spreads eastwards to India. It has followed civilization, especially where Italians have colonized, and may be found growing wild in many parts of the world upon dry soils near the sea-coast and upon river-banks. It flourishes particularly on limestone soils and is now naturalized in some parts of this country, being found from North Wales southward and eastward to Kent, being most frequent in Devon and Cornwall and on chalk cliffs near the sea. It is often found in chalky districts inland in a semi-wild state.

For the medicinal use of its fruits, commonly called seeds, Fennel is largely cultivated in the south of France, Saxony, Galicia, and Russia, as well as in India and Persia.

---

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare GÆRT.) Click on graphic for larger image

This plant was attached by Linnaeus to the genus Anethum, but was separated from it by De Candolle and placed with three or four others in a new genus styled Foeniculum, which has been generally adopted by botanists. (Foeniculum was the name given to this plant by the Romans, and is derived from the Latin word, foenum = hay).

This was corrupted in the Middle Ages into Fanculum, and this gave birth to its alternative popular name, 'fenkel.'

The Anethum Foeniculum of Linnaeus embraced two varieties, the Common or Wild Fennel and the Sweet Fennel. These are considered by De Candolle as distinct species named respectively F. vulgare (Gaertn.) - the garden form of which is often named F. Capillaceum (Gilibert) - and F. dulce.

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---History---Fennel was well known to the Ancients and was cultivated by the ancient Romans for its aromatic fruits and succulent, edible shoots. Pliny had much faith in its medicinal properties, according no less than twenty-two remedies to it, observing also that serpents eat it 'when they cast their old skins, and they sharpen their sight with the juice by rubbing against the plant.' A very old English rhyming Herbal, preserved at Stockholm, gives the following description of the virtue of the plant:

'Whaune the heddere (adder) is hurt in eye

Ye red fenel is hys prey,

And yif he mowe it fynde

Wonderly he doth hys kynde.

He schall it chow wonderly,

And leyn it to hys eye kindlely,

Ye jows shall sang and hely ye eye

Yat beforn was sicke et feye.'

Many of the older herbalists uphold this theory of the peculiarly strengthening effect of this herb on the sight.

Longfellow alludes to this virtue in the plant:

'Above the lower plants it towers,

The Fennel with its yellow flowers;

And in an earlier age than ours

Was gifted with the wondrous powers

Lost vision to restore.'

In mediaeval times, Fennel was employed, together with St. John's Wort and other herbs, as a preventative of witchcraft and other evil influences, being hung over doors on Midsummer's Eve to warn off evil spirits. It was likewise eaten as a condiment to the salt fish so much consumed by our forefathers during Lent. Like several other umbelliferae, it is carminative.

Though the Romans valued the young shoots as a vegetable, it is not certain whether it was cultivated in northern Europe at that time, but it is frequently mentioned in Anglo-Saxon cookery and medical recipes prior to the Norman Conquest. Fennel shoots, Fennel water and Fennel seed are all mentioned in an ancient record of Spanish agriculture dating A.D. 961. The diffusion of the plant in Central Europe was stimulated by Charlemagne, who enjoined its cultivation on the imperial farms.

It is mentioned in Gerard (1597), and Parkinson (Theatricum Botanicum, 1640) tells us that its culinary use was derived from Italy, for he says:

'The leaves, seede and rootes are both for meate and medicine; the Italians especially doe much delight in the use thereof, and therefore transplant and whiten it, to make it more tender to please the taste, which being sweete and somewhat hot helpeth to digest the crude qualitie of fish and other viscous meats. We use it to lay upon fish or to boyle it therewith and with divers other things, as also the seeds in bread and other things.'

William Coles, in Nature's Paradise (1650) affirms that -

'both the seeds, leaves and root of ourGarden Fennel are much used in drinks and broths for those that are grown fat, to abate their unwieldiness and cause them to grow more gaunt and lank.'

The ancient Greek name of the herb, Marathron, from maraino, to grow thin, probably refers to this property.

It was said to convey longevity, and to give strength and courage.

There are many references to Fennel in poetry. Milton, in Paradise Lost alludes to the aroma of the plant:

'A savoury odour blown,

Grateful to appetite, more pleased my sense

Than smell of sweetest Fennel.'

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---Description---Fennel is a beautiful plant. It has a thick, perennial root-stock, stout stems, 4 to 5 feet or more in height, erect and cylindrical, bright green and so smooth as to seem polished, much branched bearing leaves cut into the very finest of segments. The bright golden flowers, produced in large, flat terminal umbels, with from thirteen to twenty rays, are in bloom in July and August.

In the kitchen garden this naturally ornamental, graceful plant, generally has its stems cut down to secure a constant crop of green leaves for flavouring and garnishing, so that the plant is seldom seen in the same perfection as in the wild state. In the original wild condition, it is variable as to size, habit, shape and colour of leaf, number of rays in the flower-head or umbel, and shape of fruit, but it has been under cultivation for so long that there are now several well-marked species. The Common Garden Fennel (F. Capillaceum or officinale) is distinguished from its wild relative (F. vulgare) by having much stouter, taller, tubular and larger stems, and less divided leaves, but the chief distinction is that the leaf-stalks form a curved sheath around the stem, often even as far as the base of the leaf above. The flower-stalks, or pedicels, of the umbels are also sturdier, and the fruits, 1/4 to 1/2 inch long, are double the size of the wild ones.

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---Cultivation---Fennel will thrive anywhere, and a plantation will last for years. It is easily propagated by seeds, sown early in April in ordinary soil. It likes plenty of sun and is adapted to dry and sunny situations, not needing heavily manured ground, though it will yield more on rich stiff soil. From 4 1/2 to 5 lb. of seed are sown per acre, either in drills, 15 inches apart, lightly, just covered with soil and the plants afterwards thinned to a similar distance, or sewn thinly in a bed and transplanted when large enough. The fruit is heavy and a crop of 15 cwt. per acre is an average yield.

The roots of Fennel were formerly employed in medicine, but are generally inferior in virtues to the fruit, which is now the only portion recognized by any of the Pharmacopoeias.

The cessation of the supply of Fennel fruits from the Continent during the War led to its being grown more extensively here, any crop produced being almost certain to sell well.

There are several varieties of Fennel fruit known in commerce - sweet or Roman Fennel, German or Saxon Fennel, wild or bitter Fennel, Galician Russian and Roumanian Fennel, Indian, Persian and Japanese. The fruits vary very much in length, breadth, taste and other characters, and are of very different commercial value.

The most esteemed Fennel fruit vary from three to five lines in length, are elliptical, slightly curved, somewhat obtuse at the ends and pale greyish green in colour. Wild fruits are short, dark coloured and blunt at their ends, and have a less agreeable flavour and odour than those of sweet Fennel - they are not official.

Fennel fruits are frequently distinguished into 'shorts' and 'longs' in commerce, the latter being the most valued.

The odour of Fennel seed is fragrant, its taste, warm, sweet and agreeably aromatic. It yields its virtues to hot water, but more freely to alcohol. The essential oil may be separated by distillation with water.

For medicinal use, the fruits of the cultivated Fennel, especially those grown in Saxony, are alone official, as they yield the most volatile oil. Saxon fruits are greenish to yellowish-brown in colour, oblong, smaller and straighter than the French or Sweet Fennel (F. dulce). This French Fennel, known also as Roman Fennel, is distinguished by its greater length, more oblong form, yellowish-green colour and sweet taste; its anise-like odour is also stronger. It is cultivated in the neighbourhood of Nimes, in the south of France, but yields comparatively little oil, which has no value medicinally.

Indian Fennel is brownish, usually smaller, straighter and not quite so rounded at the ends with a sweet anise taste. Persian and Japanese fennel, pale greenish brown in colour, are the smallest and have a sweeter, still more strongly anise taste and an odour intermediate between that of French and Saxon.

The Saxon, Galician, Roumanian and Russian varieties all yield 4 to 5 per cent of volatile oil, and these varieties are alone suitable for pharmaceutical use. In the ordinary way they furnish some of the best Fennel crops, and from their fruit a large portion of the oil of commerce is derived.

For family use, 1/2 oz. of seed will produce an ample supply of plants and for several years, either from the established roots, or by re-seeding. Unless seed is needed for household or sowing purposes, the flower stems should be cut as soon as they appear.

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----Adulteration---Commercial Fennel varies greatly in quality, this being either due to lack of care in harvesting, or deliberate adulteration. It may contain so much sand, dirt, stem tissues, weed seeds or other material, that it amounts to adulteration and is unfit for medicinal use, or it may have had some of its oil removed by distillation.

Fruits exhausted by water or steam are darker, contain less oil and sink at once in water, but those exhausted by alcohol still retain 1 to 2 per cent, and are but little altered in appearance, they acquire, however, a peculiar fusel oil odour.

Exhausted, or otherwise inferior fennel is occasionally improved in appearance by the use of a factitious colouring, but old exhausted fruits that have been re-coloured may be detected by rubbing the fruit between the hands, when the colour will come off.

---Constituents---As found in commerce, oil Fennel is not uniform.

The best varieties of Fennel yield from 4 to 5 per cent of volatile oil (sp. gr. 0.960 to 0.930), the principal constituents of which are Anethol (50 to 60 per cent) and Fenchone (18 to 22 per cent). Anethol is also the chief constituent of Anise oil.

Fenchone is a colourless liquid possessing a pungent, camphoraceous odour and taste, and when present gives the disagreeable bitter taste to many of the commercial oils. It probably contributes materially to the medicinal properties of the oil, hence only such varieties of Fennel as contain a good proportion of fenchone are suitable for medicinal use.

There are also present in oil of Fennel, d-pinene, phellandrine, anisic acid and anisic aldehyde. Schimmel mentions limonene as also at times present as a constituent.

There is reason to believe that much of the commercial oil is adulterated with oil from which the anethol or crystalline constituent has been separated. Good oil will contain as much as 60 per cent.

Saxon Fennel yields 4.7 per cent of volatile oil, containing 22 per cent of fenchone.

Russian, Galician and Roumanian, which closely resembles one another, yield 4 to 5 per cent of volatile oil, of which about 18 per cent is fenchone. They have a camphoraceous taste.

French sweet or Roman Fennel yields only 2.1 per cent. of oil, containing much less anethol and with a milder and sweeter taste, probably due to the entire absence of the bitter fenchone.

French bitter Fennel oil differs considerably, anethol being only present in traces. The oil (Essence de Fenouil amer) is distilled from the entire herb, collected in the south of France, where the plant grows without cultivation.

Indian Fennel yields only 0.72 per cent of oil, containing only 6.7 per cent of fenchone.

Japanese Fennel yields 2.7 per cent of oil, containing 10.2 of fenchone and 75 per cent of anethol.

Sicilian Fennel oil is yielded from F. piperitum.

It was formerly the practice to boil Fennel with all fish, and it was mainly cultivated in kitchen gardens for this purpose. Its leaves are served nowadays with salmon, to correct its oily indigestibility, and are also put into sauce, in the same way as parsley, to be eaten with boiled mackerel.

The seeds are also used for flavouring and the carminative oil that is distilled from them, which has a sweetish aromatic odour and flavour, is employed in the making of cordials and liqueurs, and is also used in perfumery and for scenting soaps. A pound of oil is the usual yield of 500 lb. of the seed.

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---Medicinal Action and Uses---On account of its aromatic and carminative properties, Fennel fruit is chiefly used medicinally with purgatives to allay their tendency to griping and for this purpose forms one of the ingredients of the well-known compound Liquorice Powder. Fennel water has properties similar to those of anise and dill water: mixed with sodium bicarbonate and syrup, these waters constitute the domestic 'Gripe Water,' used to correct the flatulence of infants. Volatile oil of Fennel has these properties in concentration.

Fennel tea, formerly also employed as a carminative, is made by pouring half a pint of boiling water on a teaspoonful of bruised Fennel seeds.

Syrup prepared from Fennel juice was formerly given for chronic coughs.

Fennel is also largely used for cattle condiments.

It is one of the plants which is said to be disliked by fleas, and powdered Fennel has the effect of driving away fleas from kennels and stables. The plant gives off ozone most readily.

Culpepper says:

'One good old custom is not yet left off, viz., to boil fennel with fish, for it consumes the phlegmatic humour which fish most plentifully afford and annoy the body with, though few that use it know wherefore they do it. It benefits this way, because it is a herb of Mercury, and under Virgo, and therefore bears antipathy to Pisces. Fennel expels wind, provokes urine, and eases the pains of the stone, and helps to break it. The leaves or seed boiled in barley water and drunk, are good for nurses, to increase their milk and make it more wholesome for the child. The leaves, or rather the seeds, boiled in water, stayeth the hiccup and taketh away nausea or inclination to sickness. The seed and the roots much more help to open obstructions of the liver, spleen, and gall, and thereby relieve the painful and windy swellings of the spleen, and the yellow jaundice, as also the gout and cramp. The seed is of good use in medicines for shortness of breath and wheezing, by stoppings of the lungs. The roots are of most use in physic, drinks and broths, that are taken to cleanse the blood, to open obstructions of the liver, to provoke urine, and amend the ill colour of the face after sickness, and to cause a good habit through the body; both leaves, seeds, and roots thereof, are much used in drink, or broth, to make people more lean that are too fat. A decoction of the leaves and root is good for serpent bites, and to neutralize vegetable poison, as mushrooms, etc.'

'In warm climates,' says Mattiolus, 'the stems are cut and there exudes a resinous liquid, which is collected under the name of Fennel Gum.'

In Italy and France, the tender leaves areoften used for garnishes and to add flavour to salads, and are also added, finely chopped, to sauces served with puddings. Roman bakers are said to put the herb under their loaves in the oven to make the bread taste agreeably.

The tender stems are employed in soups in Italy, though are more frequently eaten raw as a salad. John Evelyn, in his Acetaria (1680), held that the peeled stalks, soft and white, of the cultivated garden Fennel, when dressed like celery exercised a pleasant action conducive to sleep. The Italians eat these peeled stems, which they call 'Cartucci' as a salad, cutting them when the plant is about to bloom and serving with a dressing of vinegar and pepper.

Formerly poor people used to eat Fennel to satisfy the cravings of hunger on fast days and make unsavoury food palatable; it was also used in large quantities in the households of the rich, as may be seen by the record in the accounts of Edward I.'s household, 8 1/2 lb. of Fennel were bought for one month's supply.

---Preparations---Fluid extract, 5 to 30 drops. Oil, 1 to 5 drops. Water, B.P. and U.S.P., 4 drachms.

Fennel

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===

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), is a plant species in the genus Foeniculum (treated as the sole species in the genus by most botanists). It is a member of the family Apiaceae (formerly the Umbelliferae). It is a hardy, perennial, umbelliferous herb, with yellow flowers and feathery leaves. It is generally considered indigenous to the shores of the Mediterranean, but has become widely naturalised elsewhere (particularly, it seems, areas colonized by the Romans^[1]) and may now be found growing wild in many parts of the world, especially on dry soils near the sea-coast and on river-banks.

It is a highly aromatic and flavorful herb with culinary and medicinal uses, and is one of the primary ingredients of absinthe. Florence fennel or finocchio is a selection with a swollen, bulb-like stem base that is used as a vegetable.

Fennel is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Mouse Moth and the Anise Swallowtail.

Contents 1 Etymology and history 2 Appearance 3 Cultivation and uses 3.1 Culinary uses 3.2 Medicinal uses 3.2.1 Intestinal tract 3.2.2 Eyes 3.2.3 Blood and urine 3.2.4 Breastmilk 3.3 Other uses 4 Production 5 Similar species 6 References 7 External links

Etymology and history

The word fennel developed from the Middle English fenel or fenyl. This came from the Old English fenol or finol, which in turn came from the Latin feniculum or foeniculum, the diminutive of fenum or faenum, meaning "hay". The Latin word for the plant was ferula, which is now used as the genus name of a related plant. As Old English finule it is one of the nine plants invoked in the pagan Anglo-Saxon Nine Herbs Charm, recorded in the 10th century.

In Ancient Greek, fennel was called marathon (μάραθον), and is attested in Linear B tablets as ma-ra-tu-wo. John Chadwick notes that this word is the origin of the place name Marathon (meaning "place of fennel"), site of the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC; however, Chadwick wryly notes that he has "not seen any fennel growing there now".^[2] In Greek mythology, Prometheus used the stalk of a fennel plant to steal fire from the gods. Also, it was from the giant fennel, Ferula communis, that the Bacchanalian wands of the god Dionysus and his followers were said to have come.^[3]

Appearance

Fennel flowerheads

Fennel is a perennial herb. It is erect, glaucous green, and grows to heights of up to 2.5 m, with hollow stems. The leaves grow up to 40 cm long; they are finely dissected, with the ultimate segments filiform (threadlike), about 0.5 mm wide. (Its leaves are similar to those of dill, but thinner.) The flowers are produced in terminal compound umbels 5–15 cm wide, each umbel section having 20–50 tiny yellow flowers on short pedicels. The fruit is a dry seed from 4–10 mm long, half as wide or less, and grooved.^[4]

Cultivation and uses

Fennel, bulb, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	130 kJ (31 kcal)
Carbohydrates	7.29 g
Dietary fiber	3.1 g
Fat	0.20 g
Protein	1.24 g
Thiamine (Vit. B1)	0.01 mg (1%)
Riboflavin (Vit. B2)	0.032 mg (2%)
Niacin (Vit. B3)	0.64 mg (4%)
Pantothenic acid (B5)	0.232 mg (5%)
Vitamin B6	0.047 mg (4%)
Folate (Vit. B9)	27 μg (7%)
Vitamin C	12 mg (20%)
Calcium	49 mg (5%)
Iron	0.73 mg (6%)
Magnesium	17 mg (5%)
Phosphorus	50 mg (7%)
Potassium	414 mg (9%)
Zinc	0.20 mg (2%)
Manganese 0.191 mg
Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient database

Fennel is widely cultivated, both in its native range and elsewhere, for its edible, strongly-flavoured leaves and fruits, which are often mistermed "seeds".^[5] Its aniseed flavour comes from anethole, an aromatic compound also found in anise and star anise, and its taste and aroma are similar to theirs, though usually not as strong.^[5]

The Florence fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Azoricum Group; syn. F. vulgare var. azoricum) is a cultivar group with inflated leaf bases which form a bulb-like structure. It is of cultivated origin,^[6] and has a mild anise-like flavour, but is more aromatic and sweeter. Florence fennel plants are smaller than the wild type.^{[citation needed]} Their inflated leaf bases are eaten as a vegetable, both raw and cooked. There are several cultivars of Florence fennel, which is also known by several other names, notably the Italian name finocchio. In North American supermarkets, it is often mislabelled as "anise".^{[7][citation needed]}

Foeniculum vulgare 'Purpureum', "bronze-leaved" fennel, is widely available in the UK where it is grown as a decorative garden plant.^[8]

Fennel has become naturalised along roadsides, in pastures, and in other open sites in many regions, including northern Europe, the United States, southern Canada and in much of Asia and Australia. It propagates well by seed, and is considered an invasive species and a weed in Australia and the United States^[9] (see Santa Cruz Island).

Florence fennel bulbs

Florence fennel was one of the three main herbs used in the preparation of absinthe, an alcoholic mixture which originated as a medicinal elixir in Switzerland and became, by the late 19th century, a popular alcoholic drink in France and other countries. Fennel itself is known to be a stimulant,^[10] although many modern preparations marketed under the name "absinthe" do not make use of it.^{[citation needed]}

Culinary uses

Fennel, from Koehler's Medicinal-plants (1887)

The bulb, foliage, and seeds of the fennel plant are widely used in many of the culinary traditions of the world. Fennel pollen is the most potent form of fennel, but also the most expensive.^[11] Dried fennel seed is an aromatic, anise-flavoured spice, brown or green in colour when fresh, slowly turning a dull grey as the seed ages. For cooking, green seeds are optimal.^[5] The leaves are delicately flavored and similar in shape to those of dill. The bulb is a crisp, hardy root vegetable and may be sauteed, stewed, braised, grilled, or eaten raw.

Fennel seeds are sometimes confused with those of anise, which are very similar in taste and appearance, though smaller. Fennel is also used as a flavouring in some natural toothpaste.

Fennel features prominently in Mediterranean cuisine, where bulbs and fronds are used, both raw and cooked, in side dishes, salads, pastas, vegetable dishes such as artichoke dishes in Greece, and risottos. Fennel seed is a common ingredient in Italian sausages and meatballs and northern European rye breads.

Many cultures in the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East use fennel seed in their cookery. Fennel is one of the most important spices in Kashmiri Pandit cooking. It is an essential ingredient of the Assamese/Bengali/Oriya spice mixture panch phoron and in Chinese five-spice powders. It is known as saunf or mauti saunf in Hindi and Urdu (Devanagari सौंफ़, Perso-Arabic: سونف), sompu in Telugu, badesoppu in Kannada, mouri (মৌরি) in Bengali, shombu or peruncheeragam (பெருஞ்சீரகம்) in Tamil and Malayalam language, variyali(વરીયાળી) in Gujarati, badeeshop or badeeshep(Devanagiri बडीशेप) in Marathi and barishap in the Malay language, Razianeh or رازیانه in Persian, and Jintan Manis in Malay. In many parts of Pakistan and India roasted fennel seeds are consumed as an after-meal digestive and breath freshener. Farming communities also chew on fresh sprigs of green fennel seeds. Fennel leaves are used as leafy green vegetables either by themselves or mixed with other vegetables, cooked to be served and consumed as part of a meal, in some parts of India.

Many egg, fish, and other dishes employ fresh or dried fennel leaves. Florence fennel is a key ingredient in some Italian and German salads, often tossed with chicory and avocado, or it can be braised and served as a warm side dish. It may be blanched or marinated, or cooked in risotto.

Medicinal uses

Fennel seeds

Fennel contains anethole, which can explain some of its medical effects: it, or its polymers, act as phytoestrogens.^[12]

[edit] Intestinal tract

On account of its carminative properties, fennel is chiefly used medicinally with purgatives to allay their side effects, and for this purpose forms one of the ingredients of the well-known compound liquorice powder.

Fennel water has properties similar to those of anise and dill water: mixed with sodium bicarbonate and syrup, these waters constitute the domestic 'gripe water', used to ease flatulence in infants; it also can be made into a syrup to treat babies with colic or painful teething. Long term ingestion of fennel preparations by babies is a known cause of thelarche.^[13] For adults, fennel seeds or tea can relax the intestines and reduce bloating caused by digestive disorders^{[citation needed]}. Essential oil of fennel has these properties in concentration.

Fennel tea, also employed as a carminative, is made by pouring boiling water on a teaspoonful of bruised fennel seeds.

yes

In the Indian subcontinent, fennel seeds are also eaten raw, sometimes with some sweetener, as it is said to improve eyesight. ^{[citation needed]} Ancient Romans regarded fennel as the herb of sight. Root extracts were often used in tonics to clear cloudy eyes. Extracts of fennel seed have been shown in animal studies to have a potential use in the treatment of glaucoma.^[14]

Blood and urine

Some people use fennel as a diuretic,^{[citation needed]} and it may be an effective diuretic and a potential drug for treatment of hypertension.^[15][16]

Breastmilk

There are historical anecdotes that fennel is a galactogogue,^[17] improving the milk supply of a breastfeeding mother. This use, although not supported by direct evidence, is sometimes justified by the fact that fennel is a source of phytoestrogens, which promote growth of breast tissue.^[18] However, normal lactation does not involve growth of breast tissue. There is a single case report of fennel tea ingested by a breastfeeding mother resulting in neurotoxicity for the newborn child.^[19]

Other uses

Syrup prepared from fennel juice was formerly given for chronic coughs. Fennel is also largely used for cattle condiments^{[citation needed]}. It is one of the plants which is said to be disliked by fleas, and powdered fennel has the effect of driving away fleas from kennels and stables.^[20]

Production

Syrian Arab Republic is the leader in production of anise, badian (star anise), fennel and coriander, followed by India.

Top ten anise, badian, fennel & coriander producers — 11 June 2008
Country	Production (Tonnes)	Footnote
Syria	115000	F
India	110000	F
Mexico	52000	F
People's Republic of China	38000	F
Iran	30000	F
Bulgaria	28100	F
Morocco	23000	F
Egypt	22000	F
Turkey	19641
Tunisia	9800	F
World	496438	A
No symbol = official figure, P = official figure, F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, C = Calculated figure A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official or estimates); Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division

Similar species

Many species in the family Apiaceae (formerly Umbelliferae) are superficially similar to fennel, and some, such as poison hemlock (see below) are toxic. It is therefore unwise, and potentially extremely dangerous, to use any part of any of these plants as a herb or vegetable unless it can be positively identified as being edible.

Dill, coriander and caraway are similar-looking herbs but shorter-growing than fennel, reaching only 40–60 cm; dill has thread-like, feathery leaves and yellow flowers; coriander and caraway have white flowers and finely divided leaves (though not as fine as dill or fennel) and are also shorter-lived (being annual or biennial plants). The superficial similarity in appearance between these may have led to a sharing of names and etymology, as in the case of meridian fennel, a term for caraway^[21].

Cicely, or sweet cicely, is sometimes grown as a herb; like fennel, it contains anethole, and therefore has a similar aroma, but it is lower-growing (to 2 m), has large umbels of white flowers, and its leaves are fern-like rather than threadlike.

Giant fennel (Ferula communis) is a large, coarse plant, with a pungent aroma, which grows wild in the Mediterranean region and is only occasionally grown in gardens elsewhere. Other species of the genus Ferula are also commonly called giant fennel, but they are not culinary herbs.

The most dangerous plant which might be confused with fennel is probably hemlock (poison hemlock). Hemlock tends to grow near water or in consistently moist soil, is tall (0.75 – 2 m), has purple blotches on the main stem, and is heavily branched with small umbels of white flowers. A useful test to distinguish between it and fennel is to crush some leaves and smell them. Fennel smells like anise or liquorice, whereas the smell of poison hemlock is often described as mouse-like or musty. But take care: coniine, a toxin contained in poison hemlock, can be absorbed through the skin, so do not do this "smell test" with bare hands (and avoid touching your eyes or mouth) unless you can wash them immediately afterwards.

In the Mountain West of North America, poison hemlock has become well established and invasive, and can be found in remote mountain areas anywhere soils are persistently moist. It is often found growing in the same habitat and side by side with osha and Lomatium species, useful medicinal relatives in the parsley family, though Lomatium species tend to prefer dry rocky soils devoid of organic material.

Lomatium (which closely resembles hemlock, and can be very difficult to distinguish from it) is an important historical food plant of Native Americans known as biscuit root. Most Lomatium species have yellow flowers, like fennel, but some are white flowered and closely resemble poison hemlock. Most Lomatium have finely divided, hairlike leaves; their roots have a delicate rice-like odor, unlike the musty odor of hemlock.

Osha, Ligusticum porteri, has white flowers and finely-divided leaves, similar to poison hemlock but not as fine as fennel or dill. The leaves are intensely fragrant with a "spicy celery" odor, unlike the musty or "mousy" smell of poison hemlock, but care should be taken in checking this characteristic, as the fresh juice (of the roots) is astringent and can cause blistering.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Foeniculum vulgare

1. ^ botanical.com - A Modern Herbal | Fennel
2. ^ John Chadwick, The Mycenaean World (Cambridge: University Press, 1976), p. 120
3. ^ Liddell and Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, s.v.
4. ^ Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2
5. ^ ^{a b c} Katzer's Spice Pages: Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)
6. ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network: Foeniculum vulgare
7. ^ Rombauer et.al. Joy of Cooking
8. ^ RHS Plant Finder 2008–2009, Dorling Kindersley, 2008, p280
9. ^ Common Fennel
10. ^ Database Entry: Fennel - Foeniculum vulgare, Fennel - Foeniculum vulgare, Fennel - Foeniculum vulgare
11. ^ "GlobalChefs "Fennel Pollen"". http://www.globalchefs.com/article/archive/art021fen.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
12. ^ Fennel and anise as estrogenic agents, J. Ethnopharmacology PMID 6999244
13. ^ Türkyilmaz Z, Karabulut R, Sönmez K, Can Başaklar A (November 2008). "A striking and frequent cause of premature thelarche in children: Foeniculum vulgare". J. Pediatr. Surg. 43 (11): 2109–11. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.07.027. PMID 18970951. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022-3468(08)00650-7.
14. ^ Agarwal R, Gupta SK, Agrawal SS, Srivastava S, Saxena R (2008). "Oculohypotensive effects of foeniculum vulgare in experimental models of glaucoma". Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 52 (1): 77–83. PMID 18831355.
15. ^ Wright CI, Van-Buren L, Kroner CI, Koning MM (October 2007). "Herbal medicines as diuretics: a review of the scientific evidence". J Ethnopharmacol 114 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.07.023. PMID 17804183. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378-8741(07)00366-2.
16. ^ El Bardai S, Lyoussi B, Wibo M, Morel N (May 2001). "Pharmacological evidence of hypotensive activity of Marrubium vulgare and Foeniculum vulgare in spontaneously hypertensive rat". Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 23 (4): 329–43. PMID 11349824.
17. ^ John K. Crellin, Jane Philpott, A. L. Tommie Bass (1989). A Reference Guide to Medicinal Plants: Herbal Medicine Past and Present. Duke University Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=0JaqB07uTx4C. pages 207-208
18. ^ Anne P. Mark (2000). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Breastfeeding. Alpha Books. ISBN 0028639480. http://books.google.com/books?id=s5RSGLuMnnEC&pg=PA142. page 142
19. ^ Rosti L, Nardini A, Bettinelli ME, Rosti D (June 1994). "Toxic effects of a herbal tea mixture in two newborns". Acta Paediatr. 83 (6): 683. PMID 7919774.
20. ^ botanical.com - A Modern Herbal | Fennel
21. ^ Anise Seed Substitute: Caraway Seed

External links

• Fennel in nutrition, health, cooking
• Provencal fish with fennel and white wine recipe